Report Results

Recovery Plan Ad Hoc Report results

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Document ID=400162

Plan Title	Plan Stage	Plan Lead Region (FWS)	Plan Lead Office (FWS)	Species Common Name	Species Scientific Name	Action Priority	Action Number	Action Description	Action Status	Estimated Initiation Date	Estimated Completion Date	Action Lead Agencies	Responsible Parties	Work Types	Labor Types	Comments
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.1	BLM should update existing management plans, and develop management plans for MIMA populations not included in existing management plans.	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Management of BLM lands where 6 of the 13 Mirabilis macfarlanei EOs occur is currently covered under the Cottonwood Resource Management Plan (RMP), which was finalized on December18, 2009 (BLM 2009). RMPs are the basic land use documents that guide land use decisions and management actions on BLM administered land through establishing goals and objectives and the measures needed for accomplishing these goals and objectives. The Cottonwood RMP directs the BLM to maintain or restore special status species (including MacFarlane's four o'clock) and their habitat to contribute to species recovery. Specifically, the RMP supports Recovery Plan actions for MacFarlane's four o'clock in an effort to contribute towards recovery and delisting, including such actions as implementing control measures for invasive nonnative plant species, developing management plans to provide for the implementation of the appropriate management and conservation of populations, establishing new populations, and considering cooperative management with adjacent landowners to support conservation and restoration efforts, among others. The BLM and the FS have worked cooperatively with the USFWS and others to implement the recovery plan for this species (see other sections for more details); conservation actions that directly or indirectly support recovery for the species include but are not limited to: (1) control of invasive nonnative plant species; (2) establishment of a new transplant populations; (3) ongoing surveys and monitoring; and (4) acquisition of canyon grasslands and development of conservation agreements within the Salmon River canyon (some of these lands contain suitable habitat for MacFarlane's four o'clock and are identified for future plant surveys); (5) initiation of seedling grow-out program; (6) research (soil analysis, genetic study, MaxEnt modelling). Still need to determine if individual management plans for MIMA populations are necessary for BLM and FS.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.2	Forest Service should develop and implement management plans	Planned	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	The Forest Plan Revision is still in progress; however, because the Comprehensive Management Plan for Hells Canyon was recently completed, the Hells Canyon NRA (the area where MIMA occurs) will not be included in the Forest Plan revision. The BLM and the FS have worked cooperatively with the USFWS and others to implement the recovery plan for this species (see other sections for more details); conservation actions that directly or indirectly support recovery for the species include but are not limited to: (1) control of invasive nonnative plant species; (2) establishment of a new transplant populations; (3) ongoing surveys and monitoring; and (4) acquisition of canyon grasslands and development of conservation agreements within the Salmon River canyon (some of these lands contain suitable habitat for MacFarlane's four o'clock and are identified for future plant surveys); (5) initiation of seedling grow-out program; (6) research (soil analysis, genetic study, MaxEnt modelling). Still need to determine if individual management plans for MacFarlane's populations are necessary for BLM and FS.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.1	Effectively manage livestock grazing in MIMA habitat	Partially Complete	Prior to FY 1995	FY 2008	Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation, Management: Land Use	Contract	FS: Grazing has been a threat in the past, but was reduced by conservation actions including excluding grazing with fencing in Hells Canyon (EO6) and at one FS administrative site (EO5) in the Imnaha River Canyon in the 1990s; however, these allotments have been vacant (not stocked) since 2003, EO 1 on the Oregon side of the the Snake River has not been grazing in over 20 years because the allotment has been closed, the FS portion of EO 3 has also been fenced to exclude cattle. However, grazing pressure has increased recently for several reasons including failing fencing infrastructure which has increased access to some populations resulting in trampling and indirect consequences from cattle spreading invasive plant species which has made it difficult to contain the encroachment of these non-natives on populations of MacFarlane’s four o’clock. In addition, impacts have been documented within the Pittsburgh Landing populations since grazing was re-established there through treaty rights. The Nez Perce tribe is actively working with the USFS and USFWS to find ways to mitigate these impacts. BLM: Within the Salmon River Canyon (Idaho side of Hell's Canyon), the direct effect of grazing is no longer a threat since the BLM has reduced grazing on their lands. For BLM: EO #1 Skookumchuck - BLM fenced no grazing EO #2 Long Gulch - BLM/Private - BLM fenced EO #3 Horseshoe Bend - BLM, currently vacant, no authorized grazing. EO #7 Lucile - BLM fenced no grazing EO #8 Rhett Creek - BLM accessible to grazing. EO #9 Box Canyon - BLM accessible to grazing. Rugged/steep topography, very light to no grazing occurs at site Lower Otto - Fenced, no grazing.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.2	Coordinate with country agencies or local organizations that have responsibility for activities that could affect MIMA habitat.	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	BLM/FS will meet with county agencies at least annually to review planned activities as detailed in subsequent sections.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.3	Implement weed control measures	Ongoing Current	FY 2007		U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation	Contract	BLM: In 2010 and 2014 BLM treated the noxious weeds Linaria dalmatica, Centaurea solsitialis, and Chondrilla juncea at 2 EOs: the McKinzie Creek/Horseshoe Bend (4-5 acres) and Skookumchuck EOs (1 acre). In 2016 in cooperation with ITD, FS conducted mechanical weed treatment in the vicinity of the Skookumchuck population. In 2012, the BLM treated the Long Gulch (45 acres) and Rhett Creek (2-3 acres) EOs. The Long Gulch EO was re-treated in 2016 (22 acres of yellow star thistle and Dlamation toadflax) and 2018 (manual and chemical control). In 2019, weed control was conducted within the perimeter of three populations of MacFarlane’s four-o’clock using herbicides and hand pulling. Selective herbicide spraying was conducted using backpack sprayers and hand pulling of weeds in close proximity to plants to minimize adverse effects to MacFarlane’s four-o’clock plants. The Lucile Caves transplant site is also manually and chemically treated as necessary, in particular for Himalayan blackberry. BLM also maintains the Lower Otto transplant site with some cheatgrass control. Invasive nonnative plant control within Mirabilis macfarlanei plant populations is difficult because of the rugged terrain, difficulty accessing some sites, and the need for backpack spraying and pulling weeds adjacent to plants. According to BLM, past and current efforts have resulted in an overall slight improvement and/or maintenance of ecological conditions (e.g., preventing additional weed spread). However, it appears that back-to-back years of treatment may be required for some populations and additional coordination with private landowners, in addition to the continued use of biological control methods. FS: The FS has had success with a biological control for dalmation toadflax. In 2006 they released the biological control agent, Mecinus janthinusor (the 3-toed stem boring weevil) at two MacFarlane's sites (Pleasant Valley and Tryon Creek) to control the noxious weed Linaria dalmatica (dalmation toadflax). In 2009, the FS determined that supplemental releases of the weevil were needed at Pleasant Valley (due to a fire in 2007). With funding partially provided by the Service (Oregon), 200 additional weevils were released in 2010. The FS conducted effectiveness monitoring annually. As of 2011, the biological agents were established at both sites with any associated 70% reduction of Dalmation toadflax at the Tyron site and 60% reduction at the Pleasant Valley site. In 2014 visual observations showed further decline of the toadflax. In 2016 the FS did weed control at their EOs (hand pulled yellow star thistle and Dalmation toadflax). In 2018 a targeted MacFarlane’s four o’clock invasive plant treatment grant was utilized to begin light treatments in and around known populations on the WAW. Herbicide was used strategically around the margins of the populations but far enough from existing plants to ensure no collateral mortality from drift. Manual treatments were conducted in and around existing MacFarlane’s four o’clock plants. These strategic treatments must continue and be increased in order to recover this species. Other treatments in the past five years not necessarily focused on MacFarlane’s four o’clock but occurring in the vicinity of populations include: ▪ Log Creek – 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018: Scotch thistle, puncturevine (both manual and chemical treatments) ▪ Tryon Bar- 2017, 2019: Skeletonweed (bio-control still present on toadflax in this area) ▪ Pleasant Valley (OR)- 2016, 2019: Whitetop, Skeletonweed, Cinquefoil ▪ Pitts Landing (West Creek) – 2016, 2017, 2019. These populations appear to be at highest risk due to Turkish Thistle now being documented as present in the vicinity. Also, with the help of HCPC volunteers hand pulling occurs annually at the Fall Creek EO. In the general area, invasive plant species continue to increase, degrading habitat conditions and putting added pressure on populations.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.4	Manage herbicide and pesticide use	Ongoing Current	FY 2007		Other	County governments, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	FS does not spray within 100 yds, BLM sprays within populations within parameters of BO. BLM/FS will evaluate county spray programs annually.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.5	Implement effective ORV use control measures	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	BLM/FS maintain / monitor control measures annually. For example, the FS conducts observational field visit monitoring annually at their EOs. This observational monitoring includes evaluating impacts from off road vehicle use (and other recreational activities).
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.6	Develop fire management plans for all sites containing MIMA populations on public lands	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Plans may be completed as part of tasks 1.1.1 and 1.1.2
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.1.3.7	Manage wildlife populations and associated activities to avoid impacts to MIMA and its essential habitat	Not Started			Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	This task will be coordinated with state fish and game agencies.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	1.3	Protect MIMA habitat on private lands	Ongoing Current			U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	Unknown, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Nature Conservancy, Private landowners	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	A private land brochure and poster has been developed to inform private landowners of potential conservation opportunities on their private land for MacFarlane's Four o'clock. FS and BLM are distributing these materials.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	2.1	Monitor MIMA populations/sites annually	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Research: Population Surveys	Contract	A rangewide monitoring strategy was developed by Mancuso Botanical Services, with close coordination between the Forest Service (FS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). This monitoring protocol is currently being used by the FS and BLM. A contract has been awarded to have the 10th year of rangewide monitoring conducted in 2021 and subsequently have the 10-year dataset analyzed. Monitoring history: Monitoring efforts for MacFarlane’s four-o’clock have been conducted on lands managed by the BLM, beginning in 1981, and the Forest Service (Hells Canyon National Recreation Area), from 1990 to 1995 and from 2001 to 2006. These monitoring efforts were intended to provide information on population status, help identify factors affecting MacFarlane’s four-o’clock, and to gain insight on the effectiveness of management actions, such as fencing populations to reduce impacts from livestock use and effects of wildfire on populations. Past monitoring efforts for MacFarlane’s four-o’clock included most of the species’ occurrences in the Salmon River Canyon area and Forest Service lands along the Snake River. In 2007, the Service evaluated available BLM and Forest Service monitoring data to gain a better understanding of MacFarlane’s four-o’clock overall population status (Mancuso and Shepherd 2008, entire). Mancuso and Shepherd evaluated monitoring data collected by the BLM from 1981 to 2004 and by the Forest Service from 2001 to 2006, and provided a summary of long-term monitoring results. This monitoring report included a description of the various monitoring methods used by each agency, a summary of the monitoring results, and recommendations regarding future monitoring needs (Mancuso and Shepherd 2008, entire). One of these recommendations was the development and implementation of a rangewide monitoring strategy (USFWS 2007, p. 8; USFWS 2009, p. 7). In response, a collaborative effort to develop and implement a new, standardized, rangewide monitoring program for MacFarlane’s four-o’clock was initiated in 2010. Development of the new monitoring program was guided by management objectives identified by the Service, the BLM, and the Forest Service. The overall purpose of the new monitoring plan is to provide more comprehensive documentation and a better understanding of the rangewide conservation status of MacFarlane’s four-o’clock. A full description of the protocol is provided in Mancuso’s monitoring report (2011, entire). Monitoring occurs annually although EOs are on an alternating monitoring schedule due to limited time and funding so not all EOs get monitored every year. The 10-year rangewide monitoring effort will include all sites and the associated data analysis will help evaluate current trends. It should be noted that difficulty in determining individual ramets versus genets has made quantifying population trends difficult. In addition to quantitative monitoring, observational field visit monitoring has been conducted nearly every season at the FS sites by local botanists. This observational monitoring focused on coordination with the invasive plant treatment program, evaluating the spread and threat of invasive plants in the area, evaluating impacts from off road vehicle use (and other recreational activities) and livestock grazing. Above ground production of Macfarlane’s four o’clock was evaluated but not quantified each season. The yearly qualitative observations have led the agency botanists to conclude that there have not been obvious increases or declines in any of the populations located on the Wallowa Whitman NF. However, recruitment of new MacFarlane's plants has rarely if ever been observed.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	1	2.3	Monitor and evaluate MIMA response to fire	Not Started			Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	This task will only be implemented if fire occurs in MIMA occurrences. Large fires in the Snake and Imnaha River canyons in general have occurred and have exacerbated the spread of invasive species. From 2007 through 2019 over 315,000 acres (by fire perimeter) of suitable Macfarlane’s four o’clock habitat has burned. Most notably the 2007 Battle Creek complex and the 2007 Poe Cabin fire both burned over known occurrences in the Snake river. However, we are unaware of any new wildfires in MacFarlane's occurrences. Treatments are ongoing to minimize impacts of fire within suitable habitat, but the effort will need to be increased into the future in order to secure the viability of populations.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	1.2	Pursue special management designations for MIMA on public lands	Not Started			Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	May be completed as part of tasks 1.1.1 and 1.1.2
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	2.2	Conduct demographic monitoring	Discontinued	Prior to FY 1995		Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Results found no readily discernable life history stages, and was therefore abandoned in 1995 (est.).
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	2.4	Obtain permission from private landowners to conduct monitoring for MIMA on private lands	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, Private landowners	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	BLM monitors at Giant's Nose, Slicker Bar, and John Day private sites. Additional opportunities will be pursued if landowners respond to the landowner brochure or as other opportunities arise.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	3.1	Determine population viability of MIMA	Obsolete			Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon State University, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Complicated by lack of life history stages and clonal growth. Therefore this task will not be completed.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	3.2	Conduct research on pollinators of MIMA	Not Started			Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon State University, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	3.3	Conduct habitat enhancement studies	Ongoing Current			Other	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon State University, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Soil Characteristics Study: FS, BLM and FWS coordinated with Gonzaga University to complete a soil study (2017 through 2019 the Wallowa-Whitman NF administered the agreement with Dr David Boose of Gonzaga University using IFWO recovery funds) to investigate soil characteristics across the species’ range at select sites on both National Forest and BLM lands. (Soil Characteristics of MacFarlane’s four o’clock Populations: Physical, Chemical, Moisture, and Temperature Profiles, 2019.) Because soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient conditions can vary over both short and long distances, and because the specific soil habitat requirements of Macfarlanes four o’clock are unknown, the study was designed to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of soils in which the species occurs, and to document annual patterns of soil temperature and moisture from in situ monitors. The results from this study are being applied to the data set used to plan and inform inventories and re-introduction efforts. Temperature and moisture components are being compared and integrated with those identified in a recent MaxEnt habitat suitability modeling effort. This study confirmed botanist’s observations that there is not a soil type affinity for Macfarlane’s four o’clock within its range. From the study: “The M. macfarlanei populations we sampled showed a range of soil characteristics typical of the canyon grasslands ecosystem. Within that range, there was significant variation even among sites close in proximity, including differences in soil texture, soil fertility, and temperature and moisture profiles through the year. There was nothing in our data to indicate that these populations occupy a narrow, unique set of climate conditions or unique edaphic habitats within the canyon grasslands. Rangewide Genetic Study: With assistance from the BLM and IFWO, the FS initiated a population genetic analysis of MacFarlane’s four o’clock in 2017. The objective of this analysis was to determine the genetic diversity and structure of known populations to directly inform active restoration and gene conservation seed collections. During the 2017 and 2018 field seasons, tissue was sampled from 559 individuals representing 21 sites in the Snake, Imnaha, and Salmon river drainages. Leaf samples went to the USDA Forest Service National Genetics Laboratory (NFGEL) in Placerville, CA for allozyme analysis. The results of this genetic study, are among other things, helping to inform our seed collection efforts and outplanting projects. Grow-out Program: See Section 5. MaxEnt Modelling Effort: In 2019 a new range wide habitat modeling effort was implemented in coordination with USFS Ecologists. MaxEnt habitat modeling software was used to predict high probability habitat within a roughly 4000 sq. mi. area within and adjacent to known populations on the FS and BLM lands. The initial model runs resulted in thousands of acres of potential habitat that has mostly never been surveyed. Further field validation is needed to quantify the amount, distribution and quality of the habitat. The modeled habitat presents two key utilities for potential recovery of this species: 1. Prioritizes future inventory work with the hope of locating additional new populations. 2. Identifies areas within the landscape that may have high probability for successful establishment of new populations utilizing the plants currently being grown out at Dorena Genetic Resource Center.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	4.1	Conduct surveys on Federal lands where activities may affect MIMA habitat	Ongoing Current	FY 2007		U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Management: Population Monitoring	Contract, Internal Field Assistance	Both the BLM and the Forest Service continue to conduct surveys for MacFarlane’s. FS: Between 2007 and 2013 over 7,500 acres of suitable habitat were surveyed and inventoried in the Imnaha and Snake River canyon by the FS. Areas to survey were identified through professional judgment, two older modeling efforts, and aerial imagery. No new populations were detected as a result of these surveys. Extensive inventory efforts were subsequently scaled back in favor of other conservation actions and more focused work to better define the extent of known populations. For example, in 2016 about 100 acres of additional inventory adjacent to known metapopulations did result in locating three new subpopulations with a total of 670 ramets counted. This mapping added an additional 4.5 acres of occupied habitat in the Imnaha River canyon. BLM: The BLM surveyed an average of approximately 1,000-2,000 acres of suitable habitat on BLM lands annually from 2010 through 2015. In 2016 BLM completed an additional 2,000 acres of surveying on Pine Bar between Riggins and Whitebird. Despite all of these survey efforts, no new populations were discovered. Surveys have been funded by the Oregon FWS, Idaho FWS, BLM and FS. Idaho Natural Heritage Program: Since several EOs have not been recently assessed, a comprehensive assessment of all known EOs in Idaho was initiated in 2012: 1) Skookumchuck RNA/ACEC EO 1, 2) Horseshoe Bend EO 3, 3) Lucile Caves RNA/ACEC EO 7, and 4) Box Canyon EO 9. Assessments included mapping, collection of data on MacFarlane’s four-o’clock abundance, associated species, and disturbances. Plants and their habitats were photographed and rare plant observation forms were completed. Assessments of the Skookumchuck, Horseshoe Bend, and Box Canyon EOs showed that the numbers of plants at these EOs have remained relatively stable since the last visits although it is possible invasive species may be increasing. The introduction of MacFarlane’s four-o’clock plants at Lucile Caves appears to be successful with many plants establishing and surviving at this site for 20 to 30 years. Several plants have expanded clonally as evidenced by presence of many ramets associated with individual genets however it is unclear if sexual reproduction is occurring. In addition, in May 2017, ~160 acres were surveyed for MacFarlane’s four-o’clock plants between Lower Pittsburg Landing EO 6 and Kurry Creek EO 10. Additional plants were located that represented an extension of Subpopulation 2 of the Lower Pittsburg Landing EO 6; this extension placed EO 6 within 1 km of EO 10 and justified combining these two EOS into one EO. UAV pilot survey study: In 2018, a pilot study was initiated collaboratively between the Idaho FWS and the FS to have Empire Unmanned conduct flight operations to assess the suitability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’ (UAV) carrying multispectral sensors, to identify known and unknown populations of MacFarlane’s Four-o’clock. Unfortunately the current sensors were unable to pull out MacFarlane's four-o'clock. However, new advances with sensor technology are becoming available and these might have greater potential. MaxEnt Modelling Effort: In 2019 a new range wide habitat modeling effort was implemented in coordination with USFS Ecologists. MaxEnt habitat modeling software was used to predict high probability habitat within a roughly 4000 sq. mi. area within and adjacent to known populations on the FS and BLM lands. The initial model runs resulted in thousands of acres of potential habitat that has mostly never been surveyed. Further field validation is needed to quantify the amount, distribution and quality of the habitat.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	4.3	Protect newly discovered MIMA populations	Ongoing Not Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	The BLM established a new population of Mirabilis macfarlanei at the Lower Otto Creek Conservation area located on BLM land. The BLM worked cooperatively with a local private landowner to transplant approximately 25 rhizomes from private property to the Lower Otto Creek Conservation area in April 2015 (in accord with the FWS Section 7 Biological Opinion (dated July 22, 2011) prepared for the Shroyer Trail and Lower Otto Creek Conservation Area project). The Lower Otto Creek Conservation area includes 75 acres that was withdrawn from a BLM grazing lease area and was mitigation for a trail on BLM lands that impacted ESA-listed Silene spadingii (Spalding’s catchfly). Future monitoring will document the success of this transplanting. No new populations have been located.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	5	Establish propagule banks, including a longterm seed storage facility for MIMA	Ongoing Current	FY 2007		Other	Berry Botanic Garden, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Long Term Seed Storage: The Rae Selling Seed Bank (previously the Berry Botanic Garden ), in coordination with the Forest Service, BLM, and Service, has collected MacFarlane’s four-o’clock seeds from throughout its range and placed them into long-term cold storage. Collection of genetically appropriate seed for use in future population augmentation actions: In June and July 2019, the FS and BLM collected MacFarlane’s seeds from multiple sites on the Imnaha, Snake, and Salmon river drainages. Seeds were collected and cleaned by hand and stored at ambient conditions (~15 degrees Celsius, > 20% humidity) during additional finecleaning and x-ray analysis prior to long-term storage. Seeds were x-rayed, and filled seeds (presumably viable) were distributed as follows: 1) 500 seeds from the BLM Long Gulch collection were shipped to the Rae Selling Berry Seed Bank and Plant Conservation Program at Portland State University for long-term cold storage 2) 972 seeds from the BLM Long Gulch, and 728 seeds from the FS Pittsburgh Landing collections were stored at the USDA Forest Service Bend Seed Extractory for future operational out-plantings 3) 500 seeds from the BLM Long Gulch, and 500 seeds from the FS Pittsburgh Landing collections were shipped to the USDA Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center for grow out of pilot plant materials for operational out-planting trials and ex situ establishment at the USDA Forest Service Clarno Hardwoods Facility. Seedlings will be used for future plantings to supplement existing transplant populations or establishment of new populations.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	2	6.2	Monitor MIMA population at Lucile Caves	Ongoing Current	Prior to FY 1995		Other	U.S. Bureau of Land Management	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	Monitored by BLM ~ annually. Is was also assessed by INHP in 2018.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	3	4.2	Obtain permission from private landowners to conduct surveys for MIMA on private lands	Ongoing Current	FY 2011		U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Work type not yet selected	Labor type not yet selected	This activity is being pursued through distribution of the landowner brochure; however, we have not had any response so far.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	3	6.1	Develop and implement a reintroduction plan for MIMA, if reintroduction is warranted	Ongoing Current	FY 2007		U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	Oregon Department of Agriculture, Berry Botanic Garden, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Idaho Conservation Data Center, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Research: Reintroduction	Contract	Although long-term, rangewide monitoring data indicate an overall stable population trend, the lack of apparent recruitment of new plants from seed is concerning. Therefore, an important part of the recovery strategy for MacFarlane’s is augmentation of existing populations and creation of new populations to ensure long-term viability of this species. Preliminary efforts were initiated in 2008 (see previous entries) but more recently, USFWS, FS, and BLM have been working collaboratively with a diverse group of partners to significantly increasing efforts to establish a comprehensive grow-out and outplanting program. Previous reintroduction efforts occurred at two locations and involved the successful transplanting of MacFarlane's four-o’clock rhizomes. The first occurred at Lucile Caves, a BLM designated Research Natural Area and Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Rhizomes were transplanted at this population (which is considered one of the known 13 populations) in 1988 using rhizomes obtained from private lands and again in 1998 using salvaged rhizomes from a nearby Highway 95 landslide. A second new population (not yet included in the total population count) was established in 2015. The BLM worked cooperatively with a local private landowner to transplant approximately 25 rhizomes from private property to the Lower Otto Creek Conservation area in April 2015 (in accord with the FWS Section 7 Biological Opinion (dated July 22, 2011) prepared for the Shroyer Trail and Lower Otto Creek Conservation Area project). The Lower Otto Creek Conservation area includes 75 acres that was withdrawn from a BLM grazing lease area and was mitigation for a trail on BLM lands that impacted ESA-listed Silene spadingii (Spalding’s catchfly). This population has not yet been counted as a new EO in the Idaho Natural Heritage Program species database (IFWIS). Future monitoring will document the success of this transplanting. Although the use of rhizomes appears to be a highly successful technique for establishing new plants, it does require removing rhizomes from existing populations. Therefore, we are currently pursuing nursery propagation of MacFarlane's four-o'clock plants and potentially rhizomes for use in outplanting projects. We worked with the Idaho Botanical Garden (and subsequently Ann DeBolt-contractor) to conduct a grow-out program for this species (2017-2018) and develop a propagation protocol. This protocol can be used by other local growers to propagate MacFarlane’s four-o’clock seedlings for future outplantings in suitable habitat. From 2018 to 2019, Ann successfully grew 77 MacFarlane's four-o'clock plants; 58 of these plants were transplanted by the BLM in fall 2019 to the Lower Otto Creek site to enhance that population. With the information gained through Ann’s work, we are expanding these propagation efforts through the use of the the USDA Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center for grow out of pilot plant materials for operational out-planting trials and ex situ establishment at the USDA Forest Service Clarno Hardwoods Facility. Seed stored at the Rae Selling Seed Bank and new seed collections are being used for plant propagation at the Nursery. The results from a recent rangewide genetic study led by staff at the National Forest Genetics Lab are being used to help inform seed collection. The study indicated that all three drainages were genetically distinct from one another, but within each drainage genetic results were similar, suggesting for example, that seed could be combined by drainage but not mixed between drainages. Results were encouraging in that they also showed significant genetic diversity within populations. The genetic results, rangewide site and soil analysis, and MaxEnt model will help ensure these reintroduction efforts are conducted thoughtfully and effectively.
Revised Recovery Plan for MacFarlane's Four-o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)	RF(1)	1	Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office (208) 378-5243	MacFarlane's four-o'clock	Mirabilis macfarlanei	3	7	Validate and revise recovery objectives	Planned			U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service	Management: General, Management: Planning	Internal Technical Assistance	The MacFarlane's four o'clock Technical Team actively coordinates recovery of this species. The Team meets regularly and works with a diverse team of committed partners to design and implement a multifaceted approach to conservation and recovery of this species. Recovery of this species would not be possible without the hard work and committment of these individuals. MacFarlane's became a spotlight species in 2010. Unfortunately this initiative has been cancelled. However, the Tech Team and our partners are still committed to implementing the actions identified in the Spotlight Species Plan as well as the Recovey Plan. The most recent 5-year review was completed in Sept 2015. The next review has been initiated and will evaluate if recovery objectives and actions need to be updated.